The mushroom cloud produced by the during. The bombing was an act of total war.Total war is that includes any and all -associated resources and infrastructure as, mobilizes all of the resources of society to fight the war, and gives priority to warfare over needs. The defines 'total war' as 'A war that is unrestricted in terms of the weapons used, the or involved, or the objectives pursued, especially one in which the are disregarded.'
In the mid-19th century, scholars identified 'total war' as a separate class of warfare. 's retreat from Russia in 1812. Napoleon's had lost about half a million men.The introduced to mainland Europe some of the first concepts of total war, such as mass conscription.
The fledgling republic found itself threatened by a powerful coalition of European nations. The only solution, in the eyes of the government, was to pour the entire nation's resources into an unprecedented war effort—this was the advent of the.
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The following decree of the on August 23, 1793 demonstrates the immensity of the French war effort, when the French front line forces grew to some 800,000 with a total of 1.5 million in all services—the first time an army in excess of a million had been mobilized in Western history:From this moment until such time as its enemies shall have been driven from the soil of the Republic all Frenchmen are in permanent requisition for the services of the armies. The young men shall fight; the married men shall forge arms and; the women shall make tents and clothes and shall serve in the hospitals; the children shall turn old lint into linen; the old men shall betake themselves to the public squares in order to arouse the courage of the warriors and preach hatred of kings and the unity of the Republic.In the of 1812 the Russians resorted to destroying infrastructure and agriculture in their retreat in order to hamper the French and strip them of adequate supplies. In the campaign of 1813, Allied forces in the German theater alone amounted to nearly one million whilst two years later in a French decree called for the total mobilization of some 2.5 million men (though at most a fifth of this was managed by the time of the French defeat at ). During the prolonged from 1808–1814 some 300,000 French troops were kept permanently occupied by, in addition to several hundred thousand Spanish, Portuguese and British regulars, an enormous and sustained guerrilla insurgency—ultimately French deaths would amount to 300,000 in the Peninsular War alone. Taiping Rebellion. A scene of the Taiping RebellionThe (1850–1864) was one of the deadliest wars in history. About 20 million people died, many due to.
It followed the secession of the from the. Almost every citizen of the Heavenly Kingdom was given military training and conscripted into the army to fight against the Imperial forces. American Civil War During the, General 's, beginning on September 21, 1864 and continuing for two weeks, was considered 'total war'. Its purpose was to eliminate food and supplies vital to the South's military operations, as well as to strike a blow at Southern civilian morale. Sheridan took the opportunity when he realized opposing forces had become too weak to resist his army.Union Army General 's ' in November and December 1864 destroyed the resources required for to make war. General and President initially opposed the plan until Sherman convinced them of its necessity.Scholars taking issue with the notion that Sherman was employing 'total war' include Noah Andre Trudeau.
Trudeau believes that Sherman's goals and methods do not meet the definition of total war and to suggest as much is to 'misread Sherman's intentions and to misunderstand the results of what happened'. 20th century World War I. Damage and destruction of civilian buildings in Belgium, 1914Almost the whole of and the European colonial empires mobilized to wage.
Rationing occurred on the home fronts. Went so far as to mobilize a quarter of its population or 800,000 people, a greater share of its population than any other country during the war.One of the features of total war in Britain was the use of government posters to divert all attention to the war on the.
Posters were used to influence public opinion about what to eat and what occupations to take, and to change the attitude of support towards the war effort. Even the was used as propaganda, with propaganda songs aimed at recruitment.After the failure of the, the large British offensive in March 1915, the British Commander-in-Chief John French blamed the lack of progress on insufficient and poor-quality. This led to the which brought down both the government and of. He formed a new coalition government dominated by Liberals and appointed as.
It was a recognition that the whole economy would have to be geared for war if the Allies were to prevail on the Western Front.As young men left the farms for the front, domestic food production in Britain and Germany fell. In Britain the response was to import more food, which was done despite the German introduction of, and to introduce rationing. The Royal Navy's prevented Germany from importing food and hastened German capitulation by creating a food crisis in Germany.
Founding ceremony of the Monument, promoting the unification of 'the 8 corners of the world under one roof' World War II The was the quintessential total war of modernity. The level of national mobilization of resources on all sides of the conflict, the being contested, the scale of the, and raised through, the active targeting of non-combatants (and non-combatant property), the general disregard for, and the unrestricted aims of the belligerents marked total war on an unprecedented and unsurpassed, multicontinental scale.Shōwa Japan During the first part of the, the government of launched a string of policies to promote a total war effort and and increase industrial production. Among these were the and the.The had fifty clauses, which provided for government controls over civilian organizations (including ), of strategic industries, price controls and, and nationalized the. The laws gave the government the authority to use unlimited budgets to subsidize war production, and to compensate manufacturers for losses caused by war-time mobilization. Eighteen of the fifty articles outlined penalties for violators.To improve its production, Shōwa Japan used millions of and in into forced labor. United Kingdom Before the onset of the, the drew on its experience to prepare legislation that would allow immediate mobilization of the economy for war, should future hostilities break out.Rationing of most goods and services was introduced, not only for consumers but also for manufacturers.This meant that factories manufacturing products that were irrelevant to the war effort had more appropriate tasks imposed.
All artificial light was subject to legal. '.There is another more obvious difference from 1914. The whole of the warring nations are engaged, not only soldiers, but the entire population, men, women and children.
The fronts are everywhere to be seen. The trenches are dug in the towns and streets. Every village is fortified. Every road is barred. The front line runs through the factories. The workmen are soldiers with different weapons but the same courage.'
On the radio, June 18; and 20 August 1940:Not only were men conscripted into the armed forces from the beginning of the war (something which had not happened until the middle of World War I), but women were also conscripted as to aid farmers and the were conscripted to work down the coal mines.Enormous casualties were expected in bombing raids, so for compulsory in households. In the long term this was one of the most profound and longer-lasting social consequences of the whole war for Britain. This is because it mixed up children with the adults of other classes. Not only did the middle and upper classes become familiar with the urban squalor suffered by working class children from the, but the children got a chance to see animals and the countryside, often for the first time, and experience rural life.The use of statistical analysis, by a branch of science which has become known as to influence military tactics was a departure from anything previously attempted. It was a very powerful tool but it further dehumanised war particularly when it suggested strategies which were counter intuitive.
Examples where statistical analysis directly influenced tactics include the work done by 's team on the optimum size and speed of convoys and the introduction of by the to counter the night fighter defences of the.Germany. 'I ask you: Do you want total war? If necessary, do you want a war more total and radical than anything that we can even imagine today?' Minister, 18 February 1943, in hisThe commitment to the doctrine of the short war was a continuing handicap for the Germans; neither plans nor state of mind were adjusted to the idea of a long war until the failure of the.
A major strategical defeat in the forced, who was appointed as Germany's armament minister in early 1942, to nationalize German war production and eliminate the worst inefficiencies.Under Speer's direction a threefold increase in armament production occurred and did not reach its peak until late 1944. To do this during the damage caused by the growing strategic Allied bomber offensive, is an indication of the degree of industrial under-mobilization in the earlier years. It was because the German economy through most of the war was substantially under-mobilized that it was resilient under air attack. Civilian consumption was high during the early years of the war and inventories both in industry and in consumers' possession were high. These helped cushion the economy from the effects of bombing.Plant and machinery were plentiful and incompletely used, thus it was comparatively easy to substitute unused or partly used machinery for that which was destroyed. Foreign labour, both slave labour and labour from neighbouring countries who joined the with Germany, was used to augment German industrial labour which was under pressure by conscription into the (Armed Forces).Soviet Union.
Three men burying victims of, in which about 1 million civilians diedThe Soviet Union (USSR) was a which already had an economic and legal system allowing the economy and society to be redirected into fighting a total war. The transportation of factories and whole labour forces east of the as the Germans advanced across the USSR in 1941 was an impressive feat of planning. Only those factories which were useful for war production were moved because of the total war commitment of the Soviet government.The Eastern Front of the encompassed the conflict in and from June 22, 1941 to May 9, 1945. It was the largest theatre of war in history in terms of numbers of soldiers, equipment and and was notorious for its unprecedented ferocity, destruction, and immense loss of life (see ). The fighting involved millions of, Hungarian, Romanian and troops along a broad front hundreds of kilometres long. It was by far the deadliest single theatre of. Scholars now believe that at most 27 million Soviet citizens died during the war, including at least 8.7 million soldiers who fell in battle against 's armies or died in camps.
Millions of civilians died from, exposure, atrocities, and massacres. The Axis lost over 5 million soldiers in the east as well as many thousands of civilians.During the, newly built were driven—unpainted because of a paint shortage—from the factory floor straight to the front. This came to symbolise the USSR's commitment to the and demonstrated the government's total war policy.United States The United States underwent an unprecedented mobilization of national resources for the Second World War. Conditions in the United States were not as strained as they were in the United Kingdom or as desperate as they were in the Soviet Union, but the United States greatly curtailed nearly all non-essential activities in its prosecution of the Second World War and redirected nearly all available national resources to the conflict, including reaching the point of diminishing returns by late 1944, where the U.S.
Military was unable to find any more males of the correct military age to draft into service.The strategists of the U.S. Military looked abroad at the storms brewing on the horizon in Europe and Asia, and began quietly making contingency plans as early as the mid-1930s; new weapons and weapons platforms were designed, and made ready. Following the outbreak of war in Europe and the ongoing aggression in Asia, efforts were stepped up significantly.
The collapse of France and the airborne aggression directed at Great Britain unsettled the Americans, who had close relations with both nations, and a peacetime draft was instituted, along with programs to aid the British, and covert aid was passed to the Chinese as well.American was still opposed to involvement in the problems of Europe and Asia, however. In 1941, the Soviet Union became the latest nation to be invaded, and the U.S.
Gave her aid as well. American ships began defending aid convoys to the Allied nations against submarine attacks, and a total trade embargo against the was instituted to deny its military the raw materials its factories and military forces required to continue its offensive actions in China.In late 1941, Japan's -dominated government decided to seize by military force the strategic resources of South-East Asia and Indonesia since the Western powers would not give Japan these goods by trade. Planning for this action included on American and British forces in Hong Kong, the Philippines, Malaya, and the U.S. Naval base and warships at.
In response to these attacks, the U.K. Declared war on the the next day. Declared war on the U.S. A few days later, along with; the U.S. Found itself fully involved in a second world war. 'It's a ticklish sort of job making a thing forEspecially when you don't know what it's forBut it's the girl that makes the thing that drills the holethat holds the spring that works the thing-ummy-bobthat makes the engines roar.And it's the girl that makes the thing that holds the oilthat oils the ring that works the thing-ummy-bobthat's going to win the war.' 'The Thing-Ummy Bob', A British song made popular in the US byAs the United States began to gear up for a major war, information and propaganda efforts were set in motion.
Civilians (including children) were encouraged to take part in fat, grease, and scrap metal collection drives. Many factories making non-essential goods retooled for war production. Levels of industrial productivity previously unheard of were attained during the war; multi-thousand-ton convoy ships were routinely built in a month-and-a-half, and tanks poured out of the former automobile factories. Within a few years of the U.S. Entry into the Second World War, nearly every man fit for service, between 18 and 30, had been conscripted into the military 'for the duration' of the conflict, and unprecedented numbers of women took up jobs previously held by them. Strict systems of rationing of consumer staples were introduced to redirect productive capacity to war needs.Previously untouched sections of the nation mobilized for the war effort. Academics became technocrats; home-makers became bomb-makers (massive numbers of women worked in heavy industry during the war); union leaders and businessmen became commanders in the massive armies of production.
The great scientific communities of the United States were mobilized as never before, and mathematicians, doctors, engineers, and chemists turned their minds to the problems ahead of them.By the war's end a multitude of advances had been made in medicine, physics, engineering, and the other sciences. Even the, whose theories were not believed to have military applications (at the time), were sent far into the Western deserts to work at the on the that culminated in the and changed the course of history.In the war, the United States lost 407,316 military personnel, but had managed to avoid the extensive level of damage to civilian and industrial infrastructure that other participants suffered. Emerged as one of the two after the war.
Unconditional surrender. 'Actually was a mass of munitions works, an intact government centre, and a key transportation point to the East. It is now none of these things.' Air Chief Marshal, in a memo to the on 29 March 1945After the United States entered World War II, declared at to the other Allies and the press that was the objective of the war against the Axis Powers of Germany, Italy, and Japan.
Prior to this declaration, the individual regimes of the Axis Powers could have negotiated an similar to that at the end of World War I and then a conditional surrender when they perceived that the war was lost.The unconditional surrender of the major Axis powers caused a legal problem at the post-war, because the trials appeared to be in conflict with Articles 63 and 64 of the. Usually if such trials are held, they would be held under the auspices of the defeated power's own legal system as happened with some of the minor Axis powers, for example in the post World War II. To circumvent this, the Allies argued that the major war criminals were captured after the end of the war, so they were not prisoners of war and the Geneva Conventions did not cover them. Further, the collapse of the Axis regimes created a legal condition of total defeat ( ) so the provisions of the over were not applicable. Postwar era.
See also:, andSince the end of World War II, no industrial nation has fought such a large, decisive war. This is likely due to the availability of nuclear weapons, whose destructive power and quick deployment render a full mobilization of a country's resources such as in World War II logistically impractical and strategically irrelevant. Such weapons are developed and maintained with relatively modest peacetime defense budgets.By the end of the 1950s, the stand-off of the between the and the had resulted in thousands of nuclear weapons being aimed by each side at the other. Strategically, the equal balance of destructive power possessed by each side situation came to be known as (MAD), considering that a nuclear attack by one superpower would result in nuclear counter-strike by the other.
This would result in hundreds of millions of deaths in a world where, in words widely attributed to, 'The living will envy the dead'.During the Cold War, the two sought to avoid open conflict between their respective forces, as both sides recognized that such a clash could very easily escalate, and quickly involve nuclear weapons. Instead, the superpowers fought each other through their involvement in proxy wars, military buildups, and diplomatic standoffs.In the case of proxy wars, each superpower supported its respective allies in conflicts with forces aligned with the other superpower, such as in the and the.During the, conducted strikes against the electrical grid in enemy territory using. Some observers considered this to be an act of total war, owing to the fact that powerplants supported by the electrical grid were essential to water purification and thus the strike represented a direct attack on civilian resources. NATO claimed that the objective of their strikes was to disrupt military infrastructure and communications. See also.
TK in my eyes is heavily leaning to Allied being overpowered, which result in a very frustrating / difficult game for the Axis.Even by playing the combined TK + DS, defined AE, the Axis comes at disadvantages.If you play TK on its own, rest assured all the strongest cards will be played by Allies at each single opportunity (Conference cards, Little / Regular Soviet Offensive, etc). They've no reason whatsoever to play the weaker card.If you play AE, Japan at some point is at peace with someone or when in Total War has still someone with a Neutrality Pact (historically Russia). Rest assured, each European Commitment event the Allied player will shift a Support Unit to Europe since they do not need them vs Japan (or do not need them for a foreseeable future).Also a quick study of the cards - TK ones at least - for one who knows the history and has experienced the game some; will quickly have them realize that Germany is mostly tied to historical options (Especially in Pre-War) meanwhile the Allies have some 'fantasy' cards related to diplomacy.I have detailed some points of view already in my recent AAR. Now I come down with some suggestions.GUARANTEE Western Card:Requirement to play: There are 2 German Ceded Land markers in the Ceded Land box.Concept: This ensures the West cannot force Germany hand to war too quickly with the disastrous effect of doubling France production.ITALY is Axis, and is activated the moment the conditional event Paris Threatened is triggered.The event Paris Threatened does not give Axis anymore an influence.Italy can never be activated as an Allied minor.Concept: It may push toward a historical course of action but Italy had zero interests in Russia historically. If the Axis player wants to pursue an east first strategy they can influence Italy normally. But France starts siding with UK and they're both democracies. Why fascists are not bundled togheter too?
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Or then let us have UK start alone and having to influence France. It's the same concept.SUPPORT NATIONALISTs CardsThat can go in two ways, but the core concept is that the 'IF there is a Civil War Country' has to go or put another IF.These cards turn otherwise into a pure filler / burden if Civil War is prematurely ended.The remove of Influence/Neutrality or Roll on a Table and Apply Influence should be -always- there, no matter what. Hitler supports nationalists / similar ideology movements across Europe.Alternatively keep that IF there is the Civil War or if Nationalists won the Civil War. If Repubblicans won the Civil War, Germany gains 1 additional INF step (the equipment and personnel they'd send over - mainly equipment though; they retain for own usage).CIVIL WARIf the Nationalist wins the Civil War, place the Nationalist Stronghold in Madrid and keep it there. It acts exactly like a Republican support marker. (It makes it harder for the West / Soviets to Influence / Activate Spain.)AXIS Conditional Event: Minor Country ReactivationA rare case maybe, but Axis reactivates Minor Countries they 'liberate'. The prerequisite is that the Soviets or West have declared war to a Neutral Country or Demanded it (ie - Germany can liberate a Romania that has been entirely ceded to Russia; or the Baltic States which historically were quite happy to see again the XX Century Teutons).Also this conditiona works toward any Country that was activated the first time as Axis.
(Another rare case, see it as Romania is activated as Axis Country. Soviets conquers it first and then activate it as Soviet Minor Country. Axis somehow manages to take Bucharest again; they conquer the 'Soviet' Romania, and reinstate their own pro-Axis government thus reactivating it as Axis Minor Country.)Situations I feel rare - but currently the game paints the Axis nations as the bad ones always and ever (I can assure you Soviets were far from different) and in each nations there were pro-Axis supporters (or political players who smiled at the force in power of the moment, for their own benefit).SPEER Card:Speer did a miracle for German production.I feel it should be mirrored. Cards are hardly enough.